Prof. Dr. John P. Spencer

School of Psychology,
Room 0.08
Lawrence Stenhouse Building,
University of East Anglia,
Norwich Research Park

Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom

John P. Spencer is a Professor of Psychology at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK. Prior to arriving in the UK, he was a Professor of Psychology at the University of Iowa and served as the founding Director of the Delta Center (Development and Learning from Theory to Application). He received a Sc.B. with Honors from Brown University in 1991 and a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from Indiana University in 1998. He is the recipient of the Irving J. Saltzman and the J.R. Kantor Graduate Awards from Indiana University, the 2003 Early Research Contributions Award from the Society for Research in Child Development, and the 2006 Robert L. Fantz Memorial Award from the American Psychological Foundation. His research examines the development of visuo-spatial cognition, word learning, working memory, attention, and executive function with an emphasis on dynamical systems and dynamic field models of cognition and action. He has had continuous funding from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation since 2001 and has been a fellow of the American Psychological Association since 2007.

2023

Formal theories clarify the complex: Generalizing a neural process account of the interaction of visual exploration and word learning in infancy
Bhat, A. A., Samuelson, L. K., & Spencer, J. P.
Child Development

pdf

@article{BhatSamuelsonSpencer2023, author = {Bhat, Ajaz A. and Samuelson, Larissa K. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Formal theories clarify the complex: Generalizing a neural process account of the interaction of visual exploration and word learning in infancy}, journal = {Child Development}, month = {October}, year = {2023}, doi = {10.1111/cdev.14023}, }

Bhat, A. A., Samuelson, L. K., & Spencer, J. P.. (2023). Formal theories clarify the complex: Generalizing a neural process account of the interaction of visual exploration and word learning in infancy. Child Development. http://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14023

2022

Neural interactions in working memory explain decreased recall precision and similarity-based feature repulsion
Johnson, J. S., van Lamsweerde, A. E., Dineva, E., & Spencer, J. P.
Scientific Reports, 12(1)

link

@article{Johnsonvan LamsweerdeDinevaEtAl2022, author = {Johnson, Jeffrey S. and van Lamsweerde, Amanda E. and Dineva, Evelina and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Neural interactions in working memory explain decreased recall precision and similarity-based feature repulsion}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, month = {October}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-22328-4}, }

Johnson, J. S., van Lamsweerde, A. E., Dineva, E., & Spencer, J. P.. (2022). Neural interactions in working memory explain decreased recall precision and similarity-based feature repulsion. Scientific Reports, 12(1). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22328-4
Word-Object Learning via Visual Exploration in Space (WOLVES): A neural process model of cross-situational word learning.
Bhat, A. A., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.
Psychological Review, 129(4), 640–695

reprint

@article{BhatSpencerSamuelson2022, author = {Bhat, Ajaz A. and Spencer, John P. and Samuelson, Larissa K.}, title = {Word-Object Learning via Visual Exploration in Space (WOLVES): A neural process model of cross-situational word learning.}, journal = {Psychological Review}, volume = {129}, number = {4}, pages = {640–695}, month = {July }, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1037/rev0000313}, }

Bhat, A. A., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.. (2022). Word-Object Learning via Visual Exploration in Space (WOLVES): A neural process model of cross-situational word learning. Psychological Review, 129(4), 640–695. http://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000313
Testing predictions of a neural process model of visual attention in infancy across competitive and non-competitive contexts
Spencer, J. P., Ross-Sheehy, S., & Eschman, B.
Infancy, 27(2), 389–411

pdf

@article{SpencerRoss-SheehyEschman2022, author = {Spencer, John P. and Ross-Sheehy, Shannon and Eschman, Bret}, title = {Testing predictions of a neural process model of visual attention in infancy across competitive and non-competitive contexts}, journal = {Infancy}, volume = {27}, number = {2}, pages = {389–411}, month = {February}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1111/infa.12457}, }

Spencer, J. P., Ross-Sheehy, S., & Eschman, B. (2022). Testing predictions of a neural process model of visual attention in infancy across competitive and non-competitive contexts. Infancy, 27(2), 389–411. http://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12457

2021

Probing the Neural Systems Underlying Flexible Dimensional Attention
Buss, A. T., Magnotta, V., Hazeltine, E., Kinder, K., & Spencer, J. P.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 33(7), 1365–1380

pdf

@article{BussMagnottaHazeltineEtAl2021, author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Magnotta, Vincent and Hazeltine, Eliot and Kinder, Kaleb and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Probing the Neural Systems Underlying Flexible Dimensional Attention}, journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience}, volume = {33}, number = {7}, pages = {1365–1380}, month = {June}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_01720}, }

Buss, A. T., Magnotta, V., Hazeltine, E., Kinder, K., & Spencer, J. P.. (2021). Probing the Neural Systems Underlying Flexible Dimensional Attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 33(7), 1365–1380. http://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01720
Learning words in space and time: Contrasting models of the suspicious coincidence effect
Jenkins, G. W., Samuelson, L. K., Penny, W., & Spencer, J. P.
Cognition, 210, 104576

@article{JenkinsSamuelsonPennyEtAl2021, author = {Jenkins, Gavin W. and Samuelson, Larissa K. and Penny, Will and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Learning words in space and time: Contrasting models of the suspicious coincidence effect}, journal = {Cognition}, volume = {210}, pages = {104576}, month = {May}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104576}, }

Jenkins, G. W., Samuelson, L. K., Penny, W., & Spencer, J. P.. (2021). Learning words in space and time: Contrasting models of the suspicious coincidence effect. Cognition, 210, 104576. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104576
Toward a Precision Science of Word Learning: Understanding Individual Vocabulary Pathways
Samuelson, L. K.
Child Development Perspectives, 15(2), 117–124

pdf

@article{Samuelson2021, author = {Samuelson, Larissa K.}, title = {Toward a Precision Science of Word Learning: Understanding Individual Vocabulary Pathways}, journal = {Child Development Perspectives}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {117–124}, month = {May}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1111/cdep.12408}, }

Samuelson, L. K. (2021). Toward a Precision Science of Word Learning: Understanding Individual Vocabulary Pathways. Child Development Perspectives, 15(2), 117–124. http://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12408
How do neural processes give rise to cognition? Simultaneously predicting brain and behavior with a dynamic model of visual working memory
Buss, A. T., Magnotta, V. A., Penny, W., Schöner, G., Huppert, T. J., & Spencer, J. P.
Psychological review, 128(2), 362–395

preprint

@article{BussMagnottaPennyEtAl2021, author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Magnotta, Vincent A. and Penny, Will and Schöner, Gregor and Huppert, Theodore J. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {How do neural processes give rise to cognition? Simultaneously predicting brain and behavior with a dynamic model of visual working memory}, journal = {Psychological review}, volume = {128}, number = {2}, pages = {362–395}, year = {2021}, doi = {10.1037/rev0000264}, }

Buss, A. T., Magnotta, V. A., Penny, W., Schöner, G., Huppert, T. J., & Spencer, J. P.. (2021). How do neural processes give rise to cognition? Simultaneously predicting brain and behavior with a dynamic model of visual working memory. Psychological review, 128(2), 362–395. http://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000264

2020

The Development of Working Memory

Spencer, J. P.

Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(6), 545–553

@article{Spencer2020,
	author		=	{Spencer, John P.},
	title		=	{The Development of Working Memory},
	journal		=	{Current Directions in Psychological Science},
	volume		=	{29},
	number		=	{6},
	pages		=	{545–553},
	month		=	{October},
	year		=	{2020},
	doi		=	{10.1177/0963721420959835},
}

2018

Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity underlie the early emergence of executive function
Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.
Developmental Science, 21(4), e12602

pdf

@article{BussSpencer2018, author = {Buss, Aaron T and Spencer, John P}, title = {Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity underlie the early emergence of executive function}, journal = {Developmental Science}, volume = {21}, number = {4}, pages = {e12602}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1111/desc.12602}, }

Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.. (2018). Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity underlie the early emergence of executive function. Developmental Science, 21(4), e12602. http://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12602

2017

Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity underlie the early emergence of executive function
Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.
Developmental Science, (June 2017), 1–14

@article{BussSpencer2017, author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity underlie the early emergence of executive function}, journal = {Developmental Science}, number = {June 2017}, pages = {1–14}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1111/desc.12602}, }

Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.. (2017). Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity underlie the early emergence of executive function. Developmental Science, (June 2017), 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12602
Empirical Tests of a Brain-Based Model of Executive Function Development
Perone, S., Plebanek, D. J., Lorenz, M. G., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.
Child Development, 00, 1–17

pdf

@article{PeronePlebanekLorenzEtAl2017, author = {Perone, Sammy and Plebanek, Daniel J. and Lorenz, Megan G. and Spencer, John P. and Samuelson, Larissa K.}, title = {Empirical Tests of a Brain-Based Model of Executive Function Development}, journal = {Child Development}, volume = {00}, number = {0}, pages = {1–17}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1111/cdev.12885}, }

Perone, S., Plebanek, D. J., Lorenz, M. G., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.. (2017). Empirical Tests of a Brain-Based Model of Executive Function Development. Child Development, 00, 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12885
Model-based functional neuroimaging using dynamic neural fields: An integrative cognitive neuroscience approach
Wijeakumar, S., Ambrose, J. P., Spencer, J. P., & Curtu, R.
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 212–235

@article{WijeakumarAmbroseSpencerEtAl2017, author = {Wijeakumar, Sobanawartiny and Ambrose, Joseph P. and Spencer, John P. and Curtu, Rodica}, title = {Model-based functional neuroimaging using dynamic neural fields: An integrative cognitive neuroscience approach}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology}, volume = {76}, pages = {212–235}, year = {2017}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmp.2016.11.002}, }

Wijeakumar, S., Ambrose, J. P., Spencer, J. P., & Curtu, R. (2017). Model-based functional neuroimaging using dynamic neural fields: An integrative cognitive neuroscience approach. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 212–235. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2016.11.002
Model-based functional neuroimaging using dynamic neural fields: An integrative cognitive neuroscience approach
Wijeakumar, S., Ambrose, J. P., Spencer, J. P., & Curtu, R.
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 212–235

pdf

@article{WijeakumarAmbroseSpencerEtAl2017b, author = {Wijeakumar, Sobanawartiny and Ambrose, Joseph P. and Spencer, John P. and Curtu, Rodica}, title = {Model-based functional neuroimaging using dynamic neural fields: An integrative cognitive neuroscience approach}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Psychology}, volume = {76}, pages = {212–235}, year = {2017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2016.11.002}, }

Wijeakumar, S., Ambrose, J. P., Spencer, J. P., & Curtu, R. (2017). Model-based functional neuroimaging using dynamic neural fields: An integrative cognitive neuroscience approach. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 76, 212–235. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2016.11.002

2016

Testing a dynamic-field account of interactions between spatial attention and spatial working memory
Johnson, J. S., & Spencer, J. P.
Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 78(4), 1043–1063

@article{JohnsonSpencer2016, author = {Johnson, Jeffrey S. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Testing a dynamic-field account of interactions between spatial attention and spatial working memory}, journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics}, volume = {78}, number = {4}, pages = {1043–1063}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.3758/s13414-015-1058-3}, }

Johnson, J. S., & Spencer, J. P.. (2016). Testing a dynamic-field account of interactions between spatial attention and spatial working memory. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 78(4), 1043–1063. http://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-1058-3

2015

Rule Representation

Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.

(Vol. 3) Elsevier Inc.

@book{BussSpencer2015,
	author		=	{Buss, A. T. and Spencer, J. P.},
	title		=	{Rule Representation},
	publisher	=	{Elsevier Inc.},
	volume		=	{3},
	isbn		=	{9780123970251},
	year		=	{2015},
	doi		=	{10.1016/B978-0-12-397025-1.00251-7},
}

Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Temporal Order A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Temporal Order Judgments
Hecht, L. N., Spencer, J. P., Vecera, S. P., Hecht, L. N., Spencer, J. P., & Vecera, S. P.

PDF

@article{HechtSpencerVeceraEtAl2015, author = {Hecht, Lauren N and Spencer, John P and Vecera, Shaun P and Hecht, Lauren N and Spencer, John P and Vecera, Shaun P}, title = {Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Temporal Order A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Temporal Order Judgments}, year = {2015}, }

Hecht, L. N., Spencer, J. P., Vecera, S. P., Hecht, L. N., Spencer, J. P., & Vecera, S. P. (2015). Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Temporal Order A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Temporal Order Judgments.
Enhancing the executive functions of 3-year-olds in the dimensional change card sort task
Perone, S., Molitor, S., Buss, A. T., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.
Child Development, 86, 812–827

pdf

@article{PeroneMolitorBussEtAl2015, author = {Perone, S. and Molitor, S. and Buss, Aaron T. and Spencer, John P. and Samuelson, Larissa K}, title = {Enhancing the executive functions of 3-year-olds in the dimensional change card sort task}, journal = {Child Development}, volume = {86}, pages = {812–827}, year = {2015}, }

Perone, S., Molitor, S., Buss, A. T., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.. (2015). Enhancing the executive functions of 3-year-olds in the dimensional change card sort task. Child Development, 86, 812–827.
The Infant Orienting With Attention Task: Assessing the Neural Basis of Spatial Attention in Infancy
Ross-Sheehy, S., Schneegans, S., & Spencer, J. P.
Infancy, 20(5), 467–506

pdf

@article{Ross-SheehySchneegansSpencer2015, author = {Ross-Sheehy, Shannon and Schneegans, Sebastian and Spencer, John P.}, title = {The Infant Orienting With Attention Task: Assessing the Neural Basis of Spatial Attention in Infancy}, journal = {Infancy}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {467–506}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1111/infa.12087}, }

Ross-Sheehy, S., Schneegans, S., & Spencer, J. P.. (2015). The Infant Orienting With Attention Task: Assessing the Neural Basis of Spatial Attention in Infancy. Infancy, 20(5), 467–506. http://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12087
Grounding cognitive-level processes in behavior: The view from dynamic systems theory
Samuelson, L. K., Jenkins, G. W., & Spencer, J. P.
Topics in Cognitive Science, 7(2), 191–205

@article{SamuelsonJenkinsSpencer2015, author = {Samuelson, Larissa K. and Jenkins, Gavin W. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Grounding cognitive-level processes in behavior: The view from dynamic systems theory}, journal = {Topics in Cognitive Science}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {191–205}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.1111/tops.12129}, }

Samuelson, L. K., Jenkins, G. W., & Spencer, J. P.. (2015). Grounding cognitive-level processes in behavior: The view from dynamic systems theory. Topics in Cognitive Science, 7(2), 191–205. http://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12129

2014

Integrating the Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Response Selection in a Dual-task Paradigm: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Dux et al. ()
Buss, A. T., Wifall, T., Hazeltine, E., & Spencer, J. P.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(2), 334–351

pdf

@article{BussWifallHazeltineEtAl2014, author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Wifall, Tim and Hazeltine, Eliot and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Integrating the Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Response Selection in a Dual-task Paradigm: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Dux et al. ()}, journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {334–351}, month = {February}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1162/jocn_a_00496}, }

Buss, A. T., Wifall, T., Hazeltine, E., & Spencer, J. P.. (2014). Integrating the Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Response Selection in a Dual-task Paradigm: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Dux et al. (). Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(2), 334–351. http://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00496
The emergent executive: a dynamic field theory of the development of executive function
Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.

pdf

@misc{BussSpencer2014, author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {The emergent executive: a dynamic field theory of the development of executive function}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1002/mono.12096}, }

Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.. (2014). The emergent executive: a dynamic field theory of the development of executive function. http://doi.org/10.1002/mono.12096
Change occurs when body meets environment: A review of the embodied nature of development
Maruyama, S., Dineva, E., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Japanese Psychological Research, 56, 385–401

pdf

@article{MaruyamaDinevaSpencerEtAl2014, author = {Maruyama, Shin and Dineva, Evelina and Spencer, John P. and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {Change occurs when body meets environment: A review of the embodied nature of development}, journal = {Japanese Psychological Research}, volume = {56}, pages = {385–401}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1111/jpr.12065}, }

Maruyama, S., Dineva, E., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2014). Change occurs when body meets environment: A review of the embodied nature of development. Japanese Psychological Research, 56, 385–401. http://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12065
The Co-Development of Looking Dynamics and Discrimination Performance
Perone, S., & Spencer, J. P.
Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 837–852

pdf

@article{PeroneSpencer2014, author = {Perone, Sammy and Spencer, John P.}, title = {The Co-Development of Looking Dynamics and Discrimination Performance}, journal = {Developmental Psychology}, volume = {50}, number = {3}, pages = {837–852}, year = {2014}, doi = {10.1037/a0034137}, }

Perone, S., & Spencer, J. P.. (2014). The Co-Development of Looking Dynamics and Discrimination Performance. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 837–852. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0034137
Dynamic interactions between visual working memory and saccade target selection
Schneegans, S., Spencer, J. P., Schöner, G., Hwang, S., & Hollingworth, A.
Journal of vision, 14(11), 9

supplementary material pdf

@article{SchneegansSpencerSchönerEtAl2014, author = {Schneegans, Sebastian and Spencer, John P and Schöner, Gregor and Hwang, Seongmin and Hollingworth, Andrew}, title = {Dynamic interactions between visual working memory and saccade target selection}, journal = {Journal of vision}, volume = {14}, number = {11}, pages = {9}, year = {2014}, }

Schneegans, S., Spencer, J. P., Schöner, G., Hwang, S., & Hollingworth, A. (2014). Dynamic interactions between visual working memory and saccade target selection. Journal of vision, 14(11), 9.

2013

Autonomous visual exploration creates developmental change in familiarity and novelty seeking behaviors
Perone, S., & Spencer, J. P.
Frontiers in Psychology, 4(648), 1–21

pdf

@article{PeroneSpencer2013, author = {Perone, Sammy and Spencer, John P}, title = {Autonomous visual exploration creates developmental change in familiarity and novelty seeking behaviors}, journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}, volume = {4}, number = {648}, pages = {1–21}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00648}, }

Perone, S., & Spencer, J. P.. (2013). Autonomous visual exploration creates developmental change in familiarity and novelty seeking behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(648), 1–21. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00648
Autonomy in Action: Linking the Act of Looking to Memory Formation in Infancy via Dynamic Neural Fields
Perone, S., & Spencer, J. P.
Cognitive Science, 37(1), 1–60

pdf

@article{PeroneSpencer2013b, author = {Perone, Sammy and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Autonomy in Action: Linking the Act of Looking to Memory Formation in Infancy via Dynamic Neural Fields}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {1–60}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1111/cogs.12010}, }

Perone, S., & Spencer, J. P.. (2013). Autonomy in Action: Linking the Act of Looking to Memory Formation in Infancy via Dynamic Neural Fields. Cognitive Science, 37(1), 1–60. http://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12010

2012

Behavioral dynamics and neural grounding of a dynamic field theory of multi-object tracking.
Spencer, J. P., Barich, K., Goldberg, J., & Perone, S.
Journal of integrative neuroscience, 11(3), 339–62

pdf

@article{SpencerBarichGoldbergEtAl2012, author = {Spencer, J P and Barich, K and Goldberg, J and Perone, S}, title = {Behavioral dynamics and neural grounding of a dynamic field theory of multi-object tracking.}, journal = {Journal of integrative neuroscience}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {339–62}, month = {September}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1142/S0219635212500227}, }

Spencer, J. P., Barich, K., Goldberg, J., & Perone, S.. (2012). Behavioral dynamics and neural grounding of a dynamic field theory of multi-object tracking. Journal of integrative neuroscience, 11(3), 339–62. http://doi.org/10.1142/S0219635212500227
A neurobehavioral model of flexible spatial language behaviors
Lipinski, J., Schneegans, S., Sandamirskaya, Y., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 38, 1490–1511

pdf

@article{LipinskiSchneegansSandamirskayaEtAl2012b, author = {Lipinski, John and Schneegans, Sebastian and Sandamirskaya, Yulia and Spencer, John P and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {A neurobehavioral model of flexible spatial language behaviors}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition}, volume = {38}, pages = {1490–1511}, month = {April}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1037/a0022643}, }

Lipinski, J., Schneegans, S., Sandamirskaya, Y., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2012). A neurobehavioral model of flexible spatial language behaviors. Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 38, 1490–1511. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0022643
When seeing is knowing: The role of visual cues in the dissociation between children′s rule knowledge and rule use
Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(3), 561–569

@article{BussSpencer2012, author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {When seeing is knowing: The role of visual cues in the dissociation between children′s rule knowledge and rule use}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Child Psychology}, volume = {111}, number = {3}, pages = {561–569}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.1016/j.jecp.2011.11.005}, }

Buss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P.. (2012). When seeing is knowing: The role of visual cues in the dissociation between children′s rule knowledge and rule use. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(3), 561–569. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.11.005
The Function and Fallibility of Visual Feature Integration: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Illusory Conjunctions
Lins, J., Schneegans, S., Spencer, J., & Schöner, G.
Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, (128)

pdf

@article{LinsSchneegansSpencerEtAl2012, author = {Lins, Jonas and Schneegans, Sebastian and Spencer, John and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {The Function and Fallibility of Visual Feature Integration: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Illusory Conjunctions}, journal = {Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience}, volume = {}, number = {128}, year = {2012}, doi = {10.3389/conf.fncom.2012.55.00128}, }

Lins, J., Schneegans, S., Spencer, J., & Schöner, G.. (2012). The Function and Fallibility of Visual Feature Integration: A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Illusory Conjunctions. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, (128). http://doi.org/10.3389/conf.fncom.2012.55.00128
A Neuro-Behavioral Model of Flexible Spatial Language Behaviors
Lipinski, J., Schneegans, S., Sandamirskaya, Y., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition., 38(6), 1490–1511

pdf

@article{LipinskiSchneegansSandamirskayaEtAl2012, author = {Lipinski, J. and Schneegans, S. and Sandamirskaya, Y. and Spencer, J.P. and Schöner, G.}, title = {A Neuro-Behavioral Model of Flexible Spatial Language Behaviors}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.}, volume = {38}, number = {6}, pages = {1490–1511}, year = {2012}, }

Lipinski, J., Schneegans, S., Sandamirskaya, Y., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2012). A Neuro-Behavioral Model of Flexible Spatial Language Behaviors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition., 38(6), 1490–1511.
Contributions of dynamic systems theory to cognitive development
Spencer, J. P., Austin, A., & Schutte, A. R.
Cognitive Development, 27, 401–418

pdf

@article{SpencerAustinSchutte2012, author = {Spencer, John P and Austin, Andrew and Schutte, Anne R}, title = {Contributions of dynamic systems theory to cognitive development}, journal = {Cognitive Development}, volume = {27}, pages = {401–418}, year = {2012}, }

Spencer, J. P., Austin, A., & Schutte, A. R.. (2012). Contributions of dynamic systems theory to cognitive development. Cognitive Development, 27, 401–418.

2011

Stronger neural dynamics capture changes in infants′ visual working memory capacity over development
Perone, S., Simmering, V. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Developmental Science, 14(6), 1379–1392

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@article{PeroneSimmeringSpencer2011, author = {Perone, Sammy and Simmering, Vanessa R. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Stronger neural dynamics capture changes in infants′ visual working memory capacity over development}, journal = {Developmental Science}, volume = {14}, number = {6}, pages = {1379–1392}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01083.x}, }

Perone, S., Simmering, V. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2011). Stronger neural dynamics capture changes in infants′ visual working memory capacity over development. Developmental Science, 14(6), 1379–1392. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01083.x
Grounding word learning in space
Samuelson, L. K., Smith, L. B., Perry, L. K., & Spencer, J. P.
PloS one, 6, E28095

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@article{SamuelsonSmithPerryEtAl2011, author = {Samuelson, Larissa K and Smith, L.B. and Perry, L.K. and Spencer, John P}, title = {Grounding word learning in space}, journal = {PloS one}, volume = {6}, pages = {E28095}, year = {2011}, }

Samuelson, L. K., Smith, L. B., Perry, L. K., & Spencer, J. P.. (2011). Grounding word learning in space. PloS one, 6, E28095.
Twenty years and going strong: A dynamic systems revolution in motor and cognitive development
Spencer, J. P., Perone, S., & Buss, A. T.
Child Development Perspectives, 5(4), 260–266

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@article{SpencerPeroneBuss2011, author = {Spencer, John P. and Perone, Sammy and Buss, Aaron T.}, title = {Twenty years and going strong: A dynamic systems revolution in motor and cognitive development}, journal = {Child Development Perspectives}, volume = {5}, number = {4}, pages = {260–266}, year = {2011}, doi = {10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00194.x}, }

Spencer, J. P., Perone, S., & Buss, A. T.. (2011). Twenty years and going strong: A dynamic systems revolution in motor and cognitive development. Child Development Perspectives, 5(4), 260–266. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00194.x

2010

The role of experience in location estimation: Target distributions shift location memory biases
Lipinski, J., Simmering, V. R., Johnson, J. S., & Spencer, J. P.
Cognition, 115(1), 147–153

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@article{LipinskiSimmeringJohnsonEtAl2010, author = {Lipinski, John and Simmering, Vanessa R. and Johnson, Jeffrey S. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {The role of experience in location estimation: Target distributions shift location memory biases}, journal = {Cognition}, volume = {115}, number = {1}, pages = {147–153}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.008}, }

Lipinski, J., Simmering, V. R., Johnson, J. S., & Spencer, J. P.. (2010). The role of experience in location estimation: Target distributions shift location memory biases. Cognition, 115(1), 147–153. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.008
Biased feedback in spatial recall yields a violation of delta rule learning
Lipinski, J., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(4), 581–588

@article{LipinskiSpencerSamuelson2010, author = {Lipinski, John and Spencer, John P. and Samuelson, Larissa K.}, title = {Biased feedback in spatial recall yields a violation of delta rule learning}, journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin and Review}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {581–588}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.3758/PBR.17.4.581}, }

Lipinski, J., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.. (2010). Biased feedback in spatial recall yields a violation of delta rule learning. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(4), 581–588. http://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.4.581
Biased feedback in spatial recall yields a violation of delta rule learning
Lipinski, J., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 581–588

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@article{LipinskiSpencerSamuelson2010b, author = {Lipinski, John and Spencer, John P. and Samuelson, Larissa K.}, title = {Biased feedback in spatial recall yields a violation of delta rule learning}, journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {581–588}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.3758/PBR.17.4.581}, }

Lipinski, J., Spencer, J. P., & Samuelson, L. K.. (2010). Biased feedback in spatial recall yields a violation of delta rule learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 581–588. http://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.4.581
Filling the gap on developmental change: Tests of a dynamic field theory of spatial cognition
Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(3), 328–355

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@article{SchutteSpencer2010, author = {Schutte, Anne R. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Filling the gap on developmental change: Tests of a dynamic field theory of spatial cognition}, journal = {Journal of Cognition and Development}, volume = {11}, number = {3}, pages = {328–355}, year = {2010}, doi = {10.1080/15248371003700007}, }

Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2010). Filling the gap on developmental change: Tests of a dynamic field theory of spatial cognition. Journal of Cognition and Development, 11(3), 328–355. http://doi.org/10.1080/15248371003700007
A Dialogue on the Role of Computational Modeling in Developmental Science
Simmering, V. R., Triesch, J., Deak, G. O., & Spencer, J. P.
Child Development Perspectives, 4(2), 152–158

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@article{SimmeringTrieschDeakEtAl2010, author = {Simmering, Vanessa R and Triesch, Jochen and Deak, Gedeon O and Spencer, John P}, title = {A Dialogue on the Role of Computational Modeling in Developmental Science}, journal = {Child Development Perspectives}, volume = {4}, number = {2}, pages = {152–158}, year = {2010}, }

Simmering, V. R., Triesch, J., Deak, G. O., & Spencer, J. P.. (2010). A Dialogue on the Role of Computational Modeling in Developmental Science. Child Development Perspectives, 4(2), 152–158.
Scenes and tracking with dynamic neural fields: How to update a robotic scene representation
Zibner, S. K. U., Faubel, C., Iossifidis, I., Schöner, G., & Spencer, J. P.
In Development and Learning (ICDL), 2010 IEEE 9th International Conference on (pp. 244–250) IEEE

@inproceedings{ZibnerFaubelIossifidisEtAl2010b, author = {Zibner, Stephan K. U. and Faubel, Christian and Iossifidis, Ioannis and Schöner, Gregor and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Scenes and tracking with dynamic neural fields: How to update a robotic scene representation}, booktitle = {Development and Learning (ICDL), 2010 IEEE 9th International Conference on}, pages = {244–250}, organization = {IEEE}, year = {2010}, }

Zibner, S. K. U., Faubel, C., Iossifidis, I., Schöner, G., & Spencer, J. P.. (2010). Scenes and tracking with dynamic neural fields: How to update a robotic scene representation. In Development and Learning (ICDL), 2010 IEEE 9th International Conference on (pp. 244–250). IEEE.

2009

A layered neural architecture for the consolidation, maintenance, and updating of representations in visual working memory.
Johnson, J. S., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Brain research, 1299, 17–32

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@article{JohnsonSpencerSchöner2009b, author = {Johnson, Jeffrey S and Spencer, John P and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {A layered neural architecture for the consolidation, maintenance, and updating of representations in visual working memory.}, journal = {Brain research}, volume = {1299}, pages = {17–32}, month = {November}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.008}, }

Johnson, J. S., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2009). A layered neural architecture for the consolidation, maintenance, and updating of representations in visual working memory. Brain research, 1299, 17–32. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.008
Integrating the Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Response Selection in a Dual-task Paradigm : A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Dux et al. (2009)
Buss, A. T., Wifall, T., Hazeltine, E., & Spencer, J. P.
, 334–351

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@article{BussWifallHazeltineEtAl2009, author = {Buss, Aaron T and Wifall, Tim and Hazeltine, Eliot and Spencer, John P}, title = {Integrating the Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Response Selection in a Dual-task Paradigm : A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Dux et al. (2009)}, pages = {334–351}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1162/jocn}, }

Buss, A. T., Wifall, T., Hazeltine, E., & Spencer, J. P.. (2009). Integrating the Behavioral and Neural Dynamics of Response Selection in a Dual-task Paradigm : A Dynamic Neural Field Model of Dux et al. (2009), 334–351. http://doi.org/10.1162/jocn
A dynamic neural field model of visual working memory and change detection.
Johnson, J. S. J. S., Spencer, J. P., Luck, S. J., & Schöner, G.
Psychological science, 20(5), 568–577

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@article{JohnsonSpencerLuckEtAl2009, author = {Johnson, J.S. Jeffrey S and Spencer, John P. and Luck, Steven J. and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {A dynamic neural field model of visual working memory and change detection.}, journal = {Psychological science}, volume = {20}, number = {5}, pages = {568–577}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02329.x}, }

Johnson, J. S. J. S., Spencer, J. P., Luck, S. J., & Schöner, G.. (2009). A dynamic neural field model of visual working memory and change detection. Psychological science, 20(5), 568–577. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02329.x
A layered neural architecture for the consolidation, maintenance, and updating of representations in visual working memory
Johnson, J. S., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Brain Research, 1299, 17–32

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@article{JohnsonSpencerSchöner2009, author = {Johnson, Jeffrey S. and Spencer, John P. and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {A layered neural architecture for the consolidation, maintenance, and updating of representations in visual working memory}, journal = {Brain Research}, volume = {1299}, pages = {17–32}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.008}, }

Johnson, J. S., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2009). A layered neural architecture for the consolidation, maintenance, and updating of representations in visual working memory. Brain Research, 1299, 17–32. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.008
Tests of the dynamic field theory and the spatial precision hypothesis: capturing a qualitative developmental transition in spatial working memory.
Schutte, A. R. A. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 35(6), 1698–725

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@article{SchutteSpencer2009, author = {Schutte, Anne R A.R. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Tests of the dynamic field theory and the spatial precision hypothesis: capturing a qualitative developmental transition in spatial working memory.}, journal = {Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance}, volume = {35}, number = {6}, pages = {1698–725}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1037/a0015794}, }

Schutte, A. R. A. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2009). Tests of the dynamic field theory and the spatial precision hypothesis: capturing a qualitative developmental transition in spatial working memory. Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 35(6), 1698–725. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0015794
Response to on "Infants′ Perseverative Search Errors Are Induced by Pragmatic Misinterpretation"
Spencer, J. P., Dineva, E., Smith, L. B., Topal, J., Toth, M., Gergely, G., & Csibra, G.
Science, 325(5948), 1624–1624

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@article{SpencerDinevaSmithEtAl2009, author = {Spencer, John P and Dineva, Evelina and Smith, Linda B and Topal, J. and Toth, M. and Gergely, G. and Csibra, G.}, title = {Response to on "Infants′ Perseverative Search Errors Are Induced by Pragmatic Misinterpretation"}, journal = {Science}, volume = {325}, number = {5948}, pages = {1624–1624}, year = {2009}, doi = {10.1126/science.1173024}, }

Spencer, J. P., Dineva, E., Smith, L. B., Topal, J., Toth, M., Gergely, G., & Csibra, G. (2009). Response to on "Infants′ Perseverative Search Errors Are Induced by Pragmatic Misinterpretation". Science, 325(5948), 1624–1624. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173024

2008

Moving to a higher ground: the dynamic field theory and the dynamics of visual cognition
Johnson, J. S., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
New Ideas in Psychology, 26, 227–251

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@article{JohnsonSpencerSchöner2008, author = {Johnson, Jeffrey S. and Spencer, J. P. and Schöner, G.}, title = {Moving to a higher ground: the dynamic field theory and the dynamics of visual cognition}, journal = {New Ideas in Psychology}, volume = {26}, pages = {227–251}, year = {2008}, }

Johnson, J. S., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2008). Moving to a higher ground: the dynamic field theory and the dynamics of visual cognition. New Ideas in Psychology, 26, 227–251.
Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales
Simmering, V. R., Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Brain Research, 1202, 68–86

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@article{SimmeringSchutteSpencer2008, author = {Simmering, Vanessa R. and Schutte, Anne R. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales}, journal = {Brain Research}, volume = {1202}, pages = {68–86}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.081}, }

Simmering, V. R., Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2008). Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales. Brain Research, 1202, 68–86. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.081
Generality with specificity: The dynamic field theory generalizes across tasks and time scales
Simmering, V. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Developmental Science, 11(4), 541–555

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@article{SimmeringSpencer2008, author = {Simmering, V R and Spencer, J P}, title = {Generality with specificity: The dynamic field theory generalizes across tasks and time scales}, journal = {Developmental Science}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {541–555}, year = {2008}, }

Simmering, V. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2008). Generality with specificity: The dynamic field theory generalizes across tasks and time scales. Developmental Science, 11(4), 541–555.
Defending Qualitative Change : The View From Dynamical Systems Theory Defending Qualitative Change : The View From Dynamical Systems Theory
Spencer, J. P., & Perone, S.
, 79(November 2008), 1639–1647

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@article{SpencerPerone2008, author = {Spencer, John P and Perone, Sammy}, title = {Defending Qualitative Change : The View From Dynamical Systems Theory Defending Qualitative Change : The View From Dynamical Systems Theory}, volume = {79}, number = {November 2008}, pages = {1639–1647}, year = {2008}, doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01214.x}, }

Spencer, J. P., & Perone, S.. (2008). Defending Qualitative Change : The View From Dynamical Systems Theory Defending Qualitative Change : The View From Dynamical Systems Theory, 79(November 2008), 1639–1647. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01214.x

2007

Planning ′discrete′ movements using a continuous system: Insights from a dynamic field theory of movement preparation
Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Motor Control, 11, 166–208

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@article{SchutteSpencer2007, author = {Schutte, A R and Spencer, J P}, title = {Planning ′discrete′ movements using a continuous system: Insights from a dynamic field theory of movement preparation}, journal = {Motor Control}, volume = {11}, pages = {166–208}, year = {2007}, }

Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2007). Planning ′discrete′ movements using a continuous system: Insights from a dynamic field theory of movement preparation. Motor Control, 11, 166–208.

2006

Reference-related inhibition produces enhanced position discrimination and fast repulsion near axes of symmetry.
Simmering, V. R., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Perception & psychophysics, 68(6), 1027–46

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@article{SimmeringSpencerSchöner2006, author = {Simmering, Vanessa R and Spencer, John P and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {Reference-related inhibition produces enhanced position discrimination and fast repulsion near axes of symmetry.}, journal = {Perception & psychophysics}, volume = {68}, number = {6}, pages = {1027–46}, month = {August}, year = {2006}, }

Simmering, V. R., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2006). Reference-related inhibition produces enhanced position discrimination and fast repulsion near axes of symmetry. Perception & psychophysics, 68(6), 1027–46.
Moving toward a grand theory of development: In memory of Esther Thelen
Spencer, J. P., Clearfield, M. W., Corbetta, D., Ulrich, B. D., Buchanan, P., & Schoner, G.
Child Development, 77, 1521–1538

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@article{SpencerClearfieldCorbettaEtAl2006, author = {Spencer, J P and Clearfield, M W and Corbetta, D and Ulrich, B D and Buchanan, P and Schoner, G}, title = {Moving toward a grand theory of development: In memory of Esther Thelen}, journal = {Child Development}, volume = {77}, pages = {1521–1538}, year = {2006}, }

Spencer, J. P., Clearfield, M. W., Corbetta, D., Ulrich, B. D., Buchanan, P., & Schoner, G.. (2006). Moving toward a grand theory of development: In memory of Esther Thelen. Child Development, 77, 1521–1538.
Toward a formal theory of flexible spatial behavior: Geometric category biases generalize across pointing and verbal response types
Spencer, J. P., Simmering, V. R., & Schutte, A. R.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 32, 473–490

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@article{SpencerSimmeringSchutte2006, author = {Spencer, J P and Simmering, V R and Schutte, A R}, title = {Toward a formal theory of flexible spatial behavior: Geometric category biases generalize across pointing and verbal response types}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance}, volume = {32}, pages = {473–490}, year = {2006}, }

Spencer, J. P., Simmering, V. R., & Schutte, A. R.. (2006). Toward a formal theory of flexible spatial behavior: Geometric category biases generalize across pointing and verbal response types. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 32, 473–490.

2003

Testing the dynamic field theory: Working memory for locations becomes more spatially precise over development
Schutte, A. R., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Child Development, 74(5), 1393–1417

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@article{SchutteSpencerSchöner2003, author = {Schutte, A.R. and Spencer, J. P. and Schöner, G.}, title = {Testing the dynamic field theory: Working memory for locations becomes more spatially precise over development}, journal = {Child Development}, volume = {74}, number = {5}, pages = {1393–1417}, year = {2003}, }

Schutte, A. R., Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2003). Testing the dynamic field theory: Working memory for locations becomes more spatially precise over development. Child Development, 74(5), 1393–1417.
Bridging the representational gap in the dynamic systems approach to development
Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.
Developmental Science, 6(4), 392–412

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@article{SpencerSchöner2003, author = {Spencer, John P. and Schöner, Gregor}, title = {Bridging the representational gap in the dynamic systems approach to development}, journal = {Developmental Science}, volume = {6}, number = {4}, pages = {392–412}, year = {2003}, doi = {10.1111/1467-7687.00295}, }

Spencer, J. P., & Schöner, G.. (2003). Bridging the representational gap in the dynamic systems approach to development. Developmental Science, 6(4), 392–412. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00295

2002

Generalizing the dynamic field theory of the A-not-B error beyond infancy: Three-year-olds′ delay- and experience-dependent location memory biases
Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.
Child Development, 73(2), 377–404

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@article{SchutteSpencer2002, author = {Schutte, Anne R. and Spencer, John P.}, title = {Generalizing the dynamic field theory of the A-not-B error beyond infancy: Three-year-olds′ delay- and experience-dependent location memory biases}, journal = {Child Development}, volume = {73}, number = {2}, pages = {377–404}, year = {2002}, doi = {10.1111/1467-8624.00413}, }

Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P.. (2002). Generalizing the dynamic field theory of the A-not-B error beyond infancy: Three-year-olds′ delay- and experience-dependent location memory biases. Child Development, 73(2), 377–404. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00413

2001

Tests of a dynamic systems account of the A-not-B error: The influence of prior experience on the spatial memory abilities of 2-year-olds
Spencer, J. P., Smith, L. B., & Thelen, E.
Child Development, 72, 1327–1346

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@article{SpencerSmithThelen2001, author = {Spencer, J P and Smith, L B and Thelen, E}, title = {Tests of a dynamic systems account of the A-not-B error: The influence of prior experience on the spatial memory abilities of 2-year-olds}, journal = {Child Development}, volume = {72}, pages = {1327–1346}, year = {2001}, }

Spencer, J. P., Smith, L. B., & Thelen, E. (2001). Tests of a dynamic systems account of the A-not-B error: The influence of prior experience on the spatial memory abilities of 2-year-olds. Child Development, 72, 1327–1346.